My project explores the social, cultural, administrative, and urban solutions employed to accommodate the religiously and ethnically diverse resident population in the Tuscan port of Livorno (1591–1714). In an act of economic and political desperation, the Medici duchy constructed Livorno nearly ex novo and initiated an aggressive policy to populate the insalubrious frontier city. The 1591 Livornina legislation offered comprehensive economic, social, legal, and religious protections to Jews, Armenians, Turks, and other religious minorities. As a result, Livorno became a laboratory for architects, engineers, and administrative officials to experiment with urban solutions to accommodate the sociocultural requirements of pluralistic cohabitation and the economic and logistical demands of commerce. Drawing on methodologies from urban studies and social history, this project distinguishes the myths of state-mandated tolerance from the realities of early modern pluralism by investigating how social patterns were mediated by the port's residential, commercial, social, and religious spaces.