My current book project follows the activities of criminal merchants—pirates and smugglers—who thrived in the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Mediterranean, in order to rethink the relationship between religion and trade. I approach these figures not as “enemies of all” but rather as central to the making of the late medieval Mediterranean. Grounded in Latin, Romance, and Arabic archival sources, I argue that efforts to regulate criminal activity profoundly shaped the emergence of new legal, religious, and racial boundaries in the late medieval Mediterranean.