The trophy phenomenon, an ancient Mediterranean mode of victory commemoration encompassing a variety of visual forms, is usually viewed as a wholly Greek convention due to its Greek origins. Scholarship has consequently neglected the Roman trophy. Nonetheless, close examination reveals that soon after the Romans adopted the trophy (ca. 211 BC) they began to make striking innovations by introducing a diverse repertoire of forms, meanings, and usages without Greek precedent. The Roman trophy is stark testimony to originality in the Roman visual arts, particularly with respect to expressions of military might. I propose a new, critical study of the ancient trophy illuminating the unique, Roman innovations to trophy design. I offer a series of well-documented case studies of the various types of Roman-period trophy monuments in order to analyze their historical development and to produce a new interpretive framework for understanding their meanings in their own time.